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A dictionary attack is defined as a targeted attack that employs a predefined list of words, which typically comprises common passwords or phrases, to attempt unauthorized access to accounts or systems. This method leverages the fact that many users tend to select simple, recognizable words or combinations as their passwords, which can be found in dictionary files or generated lists.

This approach is distinct from brute force attacks, where every possible combination of characters is systematically tried, making it time-consuming and computationally intensive. Instead, a dictionary attack narrows down the possibilities by using a curated list of likely candidates, significantly speeding up the process of cracking passwords compared to more exhaustive methods.

While artificial intelligence can certainly enhance the process of password guessing, as in the third choice, dictionary attacks traditionally do not depend on AI but rather rely on the straightforward application of common words or phrases. The last option pertains to social engineering techniques, which involve manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information rather than attacking the system using technical methods. Thus, the characterization of a dictionary attack as a targeted attack utilizing a list of predefined words accurately captures its essence in cybersecurity.